Treatment of gluten intolerance and related conditions

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are compositions, foods comprising nepenthesin or a derivative thereof and methods of using nepenthesin or a derivative thereof for modulating gluten intolerance and related conditions, such as celiac disease. Further provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising nepenthesin or a derivative thereof and methods of using nepenthesin or a derivative thereof to treat bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract, such as C. difficile or H. pylori. Further provided herein are compositions comprising recombinant nepenthesin I or nepenthesin II, or homologous proteins, and methods for making the same.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/209,681 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/620,066, filed on Feb. 11, 2015, now abandoned, which is a divisionalof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/843,369, filed on Mar. 15, 2013,now U.S. Pat. No. 9,005,610, which claims priority to and the benefitunder 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.61/729,210, filed Nov. 21, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 61/797,040, filed Nov. 27, 2012. Each of the applications listedabove is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jul. 3, 2013, isnamed 104069-0152 SL.txt and is 40,351 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are compositions, foods and methods for the treatment ofgluten intolerance and related conditions, such as celiac disease.Further provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprisingnepenthesin or a derivative thereof and methods of using nepenthesin ora derivative thereof to treat bacterial infections of thegastrointestinal tract, such as C. difficile or H. pylori. Furtherprovided herein are methods for using nepenthesin or a derivativethereof in hydrogen/deuterium exchange. Further provided herein arecompositions comprising recombinant nepenthesin I or nepenthesin II, orhomologous proteins, and methods for making the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ingestion of wheat, barley, rye and possibly oats, which contain glutenmay cause abnormal autoimmune responses, such as celiac disease, wheatallergy and dermatitis herpetiformis, in gluten intolerant individuals.Gluten is a mixture of glutamine- and proline-rich glutenin and prolaminprotein molecules. Most of the individuals having the abnormalautoimmune responses express the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2 orDQ8 molecules. The autoimmune reactions result in the development ofsmall intestinal mucosal villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia andmucosal inflammation. Symptoms of celiac disease can vary fromindividual to individual, and may include one or more of fatigue,chronic diarrhea, constipation, malabsorption of nutrients, weight loss,abdominal distension, anemia, as well as a substantially enhanced riskfor the development of osteoporosis and intestinal malignancies(lymphoma and carcinoma).

Treatment for gluten intolerance commonly involves a lifelong strictgluten-free diet. However, gluten-free diet is inconvenient,restrictive, and gluten is difficult to avoid. Therefore, effectivealternative treatments of gluten intolerance are needed.

A number of bacterial species are known to cause gastrointestinal tractinfection. Although current treatment for such infections relies heavilyon antibiotics, an increasing number of bacterial infections are foundto be resistant to at least some antibiotics. In addition, some bacteriaspecies form endospores that make them especially difficult toeradicate. Gastric proteases such as pepsin are generally unable to killendospores, for example because of the inability to break down theproteinaceous coat that protects the endospore. Therefore, effectivealternative treatments of bacterial infection are needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the discovery that the enzyme nepenthesinpossesses a high proteolytic activity for cleaving proteins andoligopeptides (including gluten), especially at low pH (e.g., about 2 to3). Nepenthesin (EC 3.4.23.12) is an aspartic protease of plant originthat can be isolated or concentrated from a variety of plant sources,such as the pitcher secretions of Nepenthes, a carnivorous pitcherplant, commonly known as monkey cups in tropical regions. Tökés et al.,Digestive Enzymes Secreted by the Carnivorous Plant Nepenthesmacferlanei L., Planta (Berl.) 119, 39-46 (1974). It has been found thatthe activity of nepenthesin is about 1000 fold higher than that of thatof pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1), an enzyme present in the stomach of humanspartly responsible for degrading food proteins into peptides. It hasalso been found that nepenthesin has a much more relaxed specificitythan pepsin, efficiently cleaving after most amino acid residues withthe exception of amino acid residues G, S, T, V, I and W. Notably, itcleaves after amino acid residues K, R and P. By comparison, pepsinpresents high-efficiency cleavage for the hydrophobic amino acidresidues F, L and M but cleavage after amino acid residues P, H, K and Ris essentially forbidden.

Nepenthesin has two known isoforms: nepenthesin I (known to have twovariants: nepenthesin Ia and nepenthesin Ib) and II. Both isoforms arefound have a higher cleavage affinity for both amino acids P and Q thanpepsin. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the combination ofnepenthesin I and nepenthesin II has a slightly different cleavageaffinity than nepenthesin I alone. Specifically, extract comprisingnepenthesin I and nepenthesin II cleaves more efficiently after theamino acid Q on the N-terminal side of gliadin and the amino acid P onthe C-terminal side of gliadin than does nepenthesin I alone.

Gluten intolerance and associated conditions and symptoms, such asceliac disease and/or dermatitis herpetiformis, are caused by thepatient's abnormal immune response to gluten in the small intestinalmucosa. Certain gluten components are resistant to cleavage by gastricand pancreatic peptidases such as pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thelike. While not wishing to be bound by any theories, it is contemplatedthat degradation of gluten to non-toxic peptides by nepenthesin prior toarriving at the intestinal tract of a patient decreases the levels oftoxic gluten proteins or peptides going into the small intestine. Asnepenthesin is acid stable, it is compatible with the stomach pH anddigests gluten so as to modulate a patient's gluten intolerance orrelated conditions or symptoms.

Given its high activity at low pH and its broad spectrum of activity,nepenthesin is especially useful in digesting gluten proteins in thestomach. The degradation of gluten to non-toxic peptides is alsoreferred to as detoxification of gluten. While not wishing to be boundby any theories, it is contemplated that degradation of gluten, which iscomprised of proline- and glutamine-rich proteins, to non-toxic peptidescan be more efficiently achieved by nepenthesin than by stomach enzymessuch as pepsin.

This invention further relates to the use of nepenthesin, such asnepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II and derivatives thereof in treatingbacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Given its highactivity at low pH and its broad spectrum of activity, nepenthesin isuseful in treating bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract.Without being bound by theory, it is believed that nepenthesin is moreefficient than stomach enzymes at disrupting bacterial cell walls andendospore coats.

In one aspect, provided are methods for modulating gluten intolerance ina patient with gluten intolerance, which method comprises administeringan effective amount of nepenthesin, such as nepenthesin I and/ornepenthesin II or a derivative thereof to said patient. In one aspect,nepenthesin I or a derivative thereof is administered to said patient.In one aspect, nepenthesin II or a derivative thereof is administered tosaid patient. In one aspect, a mixture of nepenthesin I and nepenthesinII or derivatives thereof is administered to said patient.

In one embodiment, nepenthesin, such as nepenthesin I and/or nepenthesinII or a derivative thereof is administered as a food additive such thatnepenthesin or the derivative thereof is combined with gluten containingfood to modulate or inhibit conditions associated with glutenintolerance. Nepenthesin or a derivative thereof can be used alone or incombination with such food. In one aspect, nepenthesin I or a derivativethereof is used. In one aspect, nepenthesin II or a derivative thereofis used. In one aspect, a mixture of nepenthesin I and nepenthesin II orderivatives thereof is used.

In another aspect, provided are methods for modulating a conditionmediated by gluten intolerance in a patient which method comprisesadministering an effective amount of nepenthesin, such as nepenthesin Iand/or nepenthesin II or a derivative thereof to said patient. Suchconditions include, by way of example only, celiac disease, wheatallergy, gluten sensitivity and/or dermatitis herpetiformis. In oneaspect, nepenthesin I or a derivative thereof is administered to saidpatient. In one aspect, nepenthesin II or a derivative thereof isadministered to said patient. In one aspect, a mixture of nepenthesin Iand nepenthesin II or derivatives thereof is administered to saidpatient.

In any event, nepenthesin, such as nepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin IIor a derivative thereof can be administered to the patient prior to,concurrently with, or shortly after consumption of a food comprisinggluten or suspected of comprising gluten. In one aspect, nepenthesin Ior a derivative thereof is administered to said patient. In one aspect,nepenthesin II or a derivative thereof is administered to said patient.In one aspect, a mixture of nepenthesin I and nepenthesin II orderivatives thereof is administered to said patient.

In another aspect, provided are methods for modulating glutenintolerance or an associated condition, such as celiac disease, wheatallergy, gluten sensitivity or dermatitis herpetiformis, in a patient inneed thereof, comprising treating a food comprising gluten or suspectedof comprising gluten with an effective amount of nepenthesin prior toconsumption by the patient. In one aspect, said food is treated with aneffective amount of nepenthesin I or a derivative thereof. In oneaspect, said food is treated with an effective amount of nepenthesin IIor a derivative thereof. In one aspect, said food is treated with aneffective amount of a mixture of nepenthesin I and nepenthesin II orderivatives thereof.

In another aspect, provided are foods or compositions comprisingnepenthesin, such as nepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II or a derivativethereof. In one aspect, said food or composition comprises nepenthesin Ior a derivative thereof. In one aspect, said food or compositioncomprises nepenthesin II or a derivative thereof. In one aspect, saidfood or composition comprises a mixture of nepenthesin I and nepenthesinII or derivatives thereof.

In another aspect, provided is a composition for optimizing cleavage ofa gluten protein at a proline residue, comprising a mixture ofrecombinant nepenthesin I and recombinant nepenthesin II. In one aspect,provided is a composition for optimizing cleavage of a gluten protein ata glutamine residue, comprising a mixture of recombinant nepenthesin Iand recombinant nepenthesin II.

In another aspect, provided is a composition comprising fragmentedgluten, wherein the composition is enriched in gluten fragments producedby cleavage of the gluten at a proline residue of the gluten. In oneaspect, provided is a composition comprising fragmented gluten, whereinthe composition is enriched in gluten fragments produced by cleavage ofthe gluten at a glutamine residue.

In another aspect, provided is a method for digesting proteinscomprising gluten which method comprises contacting said proteins withan effective amount of nepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II.

In another aspect, provided is a method for producing recombinantnepenthesin, such as nepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II or a derivativethereof, the method comprising expressing in a chosen host organism anucleic acid sequence which encodes said nepenthesin or homologuethereof and which nucleic acid sequence has been inserted into anappropriately designed vector; in order to obtain said nepenthesin or ahomologue thereof. In one aspect, the recombinant nepenthesin isnepenthesin I or a derivative thereof. In one aspect, the recombinantnepenthesin is nepenthesin II or a derivative thereof. In one aspect,the recombinant nepenthesin is a mixture of nepenthesin I andnepenthesin II or derivatives thereof.

In another aspect, provided is a composition comprising recombinantnepenthesin or a derivative thereof. In one aspect, the recombinantnepenthesin is recombinant nepenthesin I or a derivative thereof. In oneaspect, the recombinant nepenthesin is recombinant nepenthesin II or aderivative thereof. In one aspect, the recombinant nepenthesin is amixture of recombinant nepenthesin I and recombinant nepenthesin II orderivatives thereof.

In another aspect, provided are methods for preventing or treatingbacterial or parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract in apatient, which method comprises administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of nepenthesin, such as nepenthesin I and/ornepenthesin II or a derivative thereof to said patient. In one aspect,nepenthesin I or a derivative thereof is administered to said patient.In one aspect, nepenthesin II or a derivative thereof is administered tosaid patient. In one aspect, a mixture of nepenthesin I and nepenthesinII or derivatives thereof is administered to said patient.

These and other aspects of the invention will be further described inthe text that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows nepenthesin cleavage preferences at (A) the P1 orN-terminal side of the cleavage site and at (B) the P1′ or C-terminalside of the cleavage site. Data is grouped according to amino acid typeand compared to a similar rendering of pepsin data from Hamuro et al.Specificity of immobilized porcine pepsin in H/D exchange compatibleconditions. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 22(7):1041-1046(2008). Hatched bars indicate nepenthesin digestion and the white barspepsin digestion. The % cleavage represents the number of observedcleavages at the given residue, relative to the total number of thegiven residues in the set. Nepenthesin data were obtained from digestsof six denatured proteins, as described in Example 2.

FIG. 2 (FIGS. 2A-2D) shows an XRCC4 (SEQ ID NO:2) composite peptidesequence map, arranged according to domain type. The peptides wereobtained using pepsin digestion at four different enzyme:substrateratios (65:1 to 520:1, white/top set of bars), and using nepenthesindigestion at four different enzyme:substrate ratios (0.0075:1 to 0.38:1,spotted/bottom set of bars). FIGS. 2A and 2B represent the head regionof XRCC4, and FIGS. 2C and 2D represent the tail and stalk regions ofXRCC4.

FIG. 3 shows the average MASCOT score of peptides obtained afternepenthesin digestion, grouped by C-terminal amino acid. The number ofpeptides used for each calculation is associated with the terminal aminoacid, above the bar. Peptides were obtained from the digests of sixdenatured proteins, as described in Example 2.

FIG. 4 shows peptide ion chromatograms (PICs) of XRCC4 digested with (A)nepenthesin and (B) pepsin over a range of enzyme:substrate ratios(shown in the legend). PICs for enzymatic digestion were generated fromthe same mass-load of substrate on column.

FIG. 5 shows the average length of all peptides identified from anepenthesin digestion of gliadin from wheat, using LC-MS/MS, after 1, 5,10, 15, 30, 60, 130, 360 or 810 minutes at 37° C. A 95% confidencecut-off (p<0.05) on the scores were used to remove false positiveidentification. Relative standard deviation of the peptide length isshown in the inset figure.

FIG. 6 displays the number of peptides identified by LC-MS/MS after 1,5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 130, 360 or 810 minutes digestion at 37° C., groupedby length. Data as in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 displays the same data as in FIG. 5, as a probability ofobtaining a certain length after 10, 60, 120, 360 or 810 minutesdigestion at 37° C.

FIG. 8 shows nepenthesin cleavage preferences at (A) the P1 orN-terminal side of the cleavage site and at (B) the P1′ or C-terminalside of the cleavage site. Left bars for each reside indicate digestionwith nepenthesin extract, the middle bars indicate digestion withpurified nepenthesin extract, and the right bars with recombinantnepenthesin I. The % cleavage represents the number of observedcleavages at the given residue, relative to the total number of peptidespresent. Nepenthesin data were obtained from digests of gliadin, asdescribed in Example 9.

FIG. 9 shows an alignment of the protein sequences for nepenthesin Ifrom Nepenthes mirabilis (SEQ ID NO: 3), Nepenthes gracilis (SEQ ID NO:5), Nepenthes alata (SEQ ID NO: 4), Zea mays (SEQ ID NO: 8), and Oryzasativa (SEQ ID NO: 9), and nepenthesin II from Nepenthes mirabilis (SEQID NO: 6), Nepenthes gracilis (SEQ ID NO: 7), Zea mays (SEQ ID NO: 11),and Oryza sativa (SEQ ID NO: 10).

FIG. 10 shows a phylogenetic tree indicating the relatedness ofnepenthesin proteins between different species.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods,devices, and materials are now described. All technical and patentpublications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that theinvention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of priorinvention.

The practice of the present disclosure employs, unless otherwiseindicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology (includingrecombinant techniques), microbiology, cell biology, biochemistry andimmunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques areexplained fully in the literature for example in the followingpublications. See, e.g., Sambrook and Russell eds. MOLECULAR CLONING: ALABORATORY MANUAL, 3^(rd) edition (2001); the series CURRENT PROTOCOLSIN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (F. M. Ausubel et al. eds. (2007)); the seriesMETHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY (Academic Press, Inc., N.Y.); PCR 1: A PRACTICALAPPROACH (M. MacPherson et al. IRL Press at Oxford University Press(1991)); PCR 2: A PRACTICAL APPROACH (M. J. MacPherson, B. D. Hames andG. R. Taylor eds. (1995)); ANTIBODIES, A LABORATORY MANUAL (Harlow andLane eds. (1999)); CULTURE OF ANIMAL CELLS: A MANUAL OF BASIC TECHNIQUE(R. I. Freshney 5^(th) edition (2005)); OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS (M. J.Gait ed. (1984)); Mullis et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195; NUCLEIC ACIDHYBRIDIZATION (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. (1984)); NUCLEIC ACIDHYBRIDIZATION (M. L. M. Anderson (1999)); TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION(B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. (1984)); IMMOBILIZED CELLS AND ENZYMES(IRL Press (1986)); B. Perbal, A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO MOLECULAR CLONING(1984); GENE TRANSFER VECTORS FOR MAMMALIAN CELLS (J. H. Miller and M.P. Calos eds. (1987) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); GENE TRANSFER ANDEXPRESSION IN MAMMALIAN CELLS (S. C. Makrides ed. (2003)) IMMUNOCHEMICALMETHODS IN CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (Mayer and Walker, eds., AcademicPress, London (1987)); WEIR'S HANDBOOK OF EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (L. A.Herzenberg et al. eds (1996)).

As used in the specification and claims, the singular form “a”, “an” and“the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise.

As used herein, the term “comprising” is intended to mean that thecompositions and methods include the recited elements, but not excludingothers. “Consisting essentially of” when used to define compositions andmethods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essentialsignificance to the combination. For example, a composition consistingessentially of the elements as defined herein would not exclude otherelements that do not materially affect the basic and novelcharacteristic(s) of the claimed invention. “Consisting of” shall meanexcluding more than trace amount of other ingredients and substantialmethod steps recited. Embodiments defined by each of these transitionterms are within the scope of this invention.

As used herein, the term “gluten” generally refers to the proteinspresent in wheat or related grain species, including barley and rye,which have potential harmful effect to certain individuals. Glutenproteins include gliadins such as α-gliadins, β-gliadins, γ-gliadins andω-gliadins, which are monomeric proteins, and glutenins which are highlyheterogeneous mixture of aggregates of high molecular weight andlow-molecular-weight subunits held together by disulphide bonds. Manywheat gluten proteins have been characterized, see, for example, Woychiket al., Amino Acid Composition of Proteins in Wheat Gluten, J. Agric.Food Chem., 9(4), 307-310 (1961). The term gluten as used herein alsoincludes oligopeptides that can be derived from normal human digestionof gluten proteins from gluten containing foods and cause the abnormalimmune response. Some of these oligopeptides are resistant to normaldigestive enzymes. Gluten, including the above-mentioned proteins andoligopeptides, is believed to act as antigens for T cells in celiacsprue in patients with gluten intolerance.

The term “nepenthesin” refers to the aspartic protease having the EnzymeCommission number EC 3.4.23.12, and includes all isoforms and variantsof nepenthesin such as nepenthesin I and nepenthesin II, and recombinantnepenthesin, and salts thereof. Salts refer to those salts formed bynepenthesin with one or more base or one or more acid which retain thebiological effectiveness and properties of the free nepenthesin, andwhich are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. Salts derived frominorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium,lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese,aluminum salts and the like. Salts derived from organic bases include,but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiaryamines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substitutedamines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such asisopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine,tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol,2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine,caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine,glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine,piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Acids thatcan form salts include, but are not limited to, inorganic acids such ashydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid,propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid,malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid,benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid,ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicyclic acid and thelike.

Nepenthesin derivatives include biological equivalents, fragments andextended nepenthesin, and salts thereof, that retain proteolyticactivity. In some embodiments, nepenthesin derivatives includebiological equivalents of nepenthesin. “Biological equivalents” includethose having at least about 80% homology or identity or alternatively,at least about 85%, or alternatively at least about 90%, oralternatively at least about 95%, or alternatively 98% homology withnepenthesin, or alternatively a polypeptide or protein encoded by apolynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions to thenucleotide sequence encoding nepenthesin or its complement, whilemaintaining the desired structure and exhibiting at least part of theproteolytic activity of nepenthesin.

In some embodiments, the nepenthesin derivative is a fragment ofnepenthesin having at least about 20 contiguous amino acids of the fullnepenthesin protein, or at least about 50 contiguous amino acids, orcomprising 100 or more contiguous amino acids, up to the completeprotein of nepenthesin. Nepenthesin derivatives also include nepenthesinhaving additional sequences.

In some embodiments, a nepenthesin derivative has at least about 10% ofthe proteolytic activity of nepenthesin, or at least about 50%, or atleast about 70%, or at least about 90% of the proteolytic activity ofnepenthesin or 100% or more of the proteolytic activity of nepenthesin.

As used herein, the term “biological equivalent thereof” is intended tobe synonymous with “equivalent thereof” which when referring to areference protein, antibody, polypeptide or nucleic acid, intends thosehaving minimal homology while still maintaining desired structure orfunctionality. In an alternative embodiment, the term “biologicalequivalent of” a polynucleotide refers to one that hybridizes understringent conditions to the reference polynucleotide or its complement.Unless specifically recited herein, it is contemplated that anypolynucleotide, polypeptide or protein mentioned herein also includesequivalents thereof. For example, an equivalent intends at least about80% homology or identity and alternatively, at least about 85%, oralternatively at least about 90%, or alternatively at least about 95%,or alternatively 98% percent, or alternatively 99% percent homology orsequence identity and exhibits substantially equivalent biologicalactivity to the reference protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid.

A polynucleotide or polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide orpolypeptide region) having a certain percentage (for example, 80%, 85%,90%, or 95%) of “sequence identity” to another sequence means that, whenaligned, that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the same incomparing the two sequences. The alignment and the percent homology orsequence identity can be determined using software programs known in theart, for example those described in Current Protocols in MolecularBiology (Ausubel et al., eds. 1987) Supplement 30, section 7.7.18, Table7.7.1. Preferably, default parameters are used for alignment. Onealignment program is BLAST, using default parameters. Examples of theprograms include BLASTN and BLASTP, using the following defaultparameters: Genetic code=standard; filter=none; strand=both; cutoff=60;expect=10; Matrix=BLOSUM62; Descriptions=50 sequences; sort by=HIGHSCORE; Databases=non-redundant, GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB+GenBank CDStranslations+SwissProtein+SPupdate+PIR. Details of these programs can befound at the following Internet address: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/BLAST.

Suitable expression vectors include vectors capable of expressing apolynucleotide operatively linked to a regulatory element, such as apromoter region and/or an enhancer that is capable of regulatingexpression of such DNA. Thus, an expression vector refers to arecombinant DNA or RNA construct, such as a plasmid, a phage,recombinant virus or other vector that, upon introduction into anappropriate host cell, results in expression of the inserted DNA.Appropriate expression vectors include those that are replicable ineukaryotic cells and/or prokaryotic cells and those that remain episomalor those which integrate into the host cell genome.

As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a non-chromosomal nucleicacid comprising an intact replicon such that the vector may bereplicated when placed within a cell, for example by a process oftransformation. Vectors may be viral or non-viral. Viral vectors includeretroviruses, adenoviruses, herpesvirus, papovirus, or otherwisemodified naturally occurring viruses. Exemplary non-viral vectors fordelivering nucleic acid include naked DNA; DNA complexed with cationiclipids, alone or in combination with cationic polymers; anionic andcationic liposomes; DNA-protein complexes and particles comprising DNAcondensed with cationic polymers such as heterogeneous polylysine,defined-length oligopeptides, and polyethylene imine, in some casescontained in liposomes; and the use of ternary complexes comprising avirus and polylysine-DNA.

Non-viral vector may include plasmid that comprises a heterologouspolynucleotide capable of being delivered to a target cell, either invitro, in vivo or ex-vivo. The heterologous polynucleotide can comprisea sequence of interest and can be operably linked to one or moreregulatory elements and may control the transcription of the nucleicacid sequence of interest. As used herein, a vector need not be capableof replication in the ultimate target cell or subject. The term vectormay include expression vector and cloning vector.

“Homology” or “identity” or “similarity” refers to sequence similaritybetween two peptides or between two nucleic acid molecules. Homology canbe determined by comparing a position in each sequence which may bealigned for purposes of comparison. When a position in the comparedsequence is occupied by the same base or amino acid, then the moleculesare homologous at that position. A degree of homology between sequencesis a function of the number of matching or homologous positions sharedby the sequences. An “unrelated” or “non-homologous” sequence sharesless than 40% identity, or alternatively less than 25% identity, withone of the sequences of the present disclosure.

“Hybridization” refers to hybridization reactions that can be performedunder conditions of different “stringency”. Conditions that increase thestringency of a hybridization reaction are widely known and published inthe art: see, for example, Sambrook and Russell eds. (2001) MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd edition. Examples of relevantconditions include (in order of increasing stringency): incubationtemperatures of 25° C., 37° C., 50° C., and 68° C.; bufferconcentrations of 10×SSC, 6×SSC, 1×SSC, 0.1×SSC (where SSC is 0.15 MNaCl and 15 mM citrate buffer) and their equivalent using other buffersystems; formamide concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%; incubationtimes from 5 minutes to 24 hours and washes of increasing duration,increasing frequency, or decreasing buffer concentrations.

In one embodiment, “therapeutically effective amount” refers to thatamount of a compound that results in prevention or amelioration ofsymptoms in a patient or a desired biological outcome, e.g., improvedclinical signs, delayed onset of disease, etc. The effective amount canbe determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. The selected dosagelevel can depend upon the severity of the condition being treated, andthe condition and prior medical history of the patient being treated.However, it is within the skill of the art to start doses of thecompound at levels lower than required to achieve the desiredtherapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until thedesired effect is achieved.

“Concurrent administration,” or co-treatment, as used herein includesadministration of the agents together, or before or after each other.

The term “modulate” or “modulating” means any treatment of a disease ordisorder in a subject, such as a mammal, including:

-   -   preventing or protecting against the disease or disorder, that        is, causing the abnormal biological reaction or symptoms not to        develop;    -   inhibiting the disease or disorder, that is, arresting or        suppressing the development of abnormal biological reactions        and/or clinical symptoms; and/or    -   relieving the disease or disorder that is, causing the        regression of abnormal biological reactions and/or clinical        symptoms.

As used herein, the term “preventing” refers to the prophylactictreatment of a patient in need thereof. The prophylactic treatment canbe accomplished by providing an appropriate dose of a therapeutic agentto a subject at risk of suffering from an ailment, thereby substantiallyaverting onset of the ailment.

As used herein, the term “condition” refers to a disease state for whichthe compounds, compositions and methods provided herein are being used.

As used herein, the term “patient” or “subject” refers to mammals andincludes humans and non-human mammals. In particular embodiments herein,the patient or subject is a human.

The term “about” when used before a numerical value indicates that thevalue may vary within a reasonable range, such as ±5%, ±1%, and ±0.2%.

II. Methods

In one aspect, provided are methods for modulating gluten intolerance ina patient with gluten intolerance which method comprises administeringan effective amount of nepenthesin, such as nepenthesin I and/ornepenthesin II, or a derivative thereof to said patient.

In one embodiment, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administeredas a food additive such that nepenthesin or a derivative thereof iscombined with gluten containing food to modulate or inhibit conditionsassociated with gluten intolerance. Nepenthesin or a derivative thereofcan be used alone or in combination with such food.

In another aspect, provided are methods for modulating a conditionmediated by gluten intolerance in a patient which method comprisesadministering an effective amount of nepenthesin or a derivative thereofto said patient. Such conditions include by way of example only celiacdisease, wheat allergy, gluten sensitivity and dermatitis herpetiformis.Nepenthesin or a derivative thereof can be administered to the patientprior to, concurrently with, or shortly after ingestion of a foodcomprising gluten or suspected of comprising gluten.

In some embodiments, nepenthesin such as nepenthesin I and/ornepenthesin II or a derivative thereof is administered to the patientprior to ingestion by the patient of the food comprising gluten orsuspect of comprising gluten. In some embodiments, nepenthesin or aderivative thereof is administered within a period that nepenthesin orthe derivative thereof is at least partially effective (for example, atleast about 10%, 20%, 50%, 70%, 90% of original activity) in degradinggluten in the food that the patient will ingest. In some embodiments,nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administered not more than about4 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, or 30 minutes prior to ingestion ofthe food by the patient.

In some embodiments, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administeredto the patient concurrently with ingestion by the patient of the foodcomprising gluten or suspect of comprising gluten. In some embodiments,nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administered with the food, suchas an ingredient or additive to the food. In some embodiments,nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administered separately from thefood.

In some embodiments, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administeredto the patient shortly after ingestion by the patient of the foodcomprising gluten or suspect of comprising gluten. In some embodiments,nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administered within a period thatat least part (for example, at least about 10%, 20%, 50%, 70%, 90%) ofthe gluten in the food is still in the stomach of the patient. In someembodiments, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administered notmore than 4 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, or 30 minutes afteringestion of the food by the patient.

In another aspect, provided are methods for preventing or treatingbacterial or parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract in apatient, which method comprises administering a composition comprisingan effective amount of nepenthesin or a derivative thereof to saidpatient. By way of example only, such bacterial infections may be causedby bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Helicobacterpylori, Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli, Shigella, Clostridiumdifficile, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridiumperfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeriamonocytogenes. In one aspect, said composition comprises nepenthesin Ior a derivative thereof. In one aspect, said composition comprisesnepenthesin II or a derivative thereof. In one aspect, said compositioncomprises a mixture of nepenthesin I and nepenthesin II or derivativesthereof.

C. difficile are naturally-occurring intestinal flora in a small subsetof the population. However, most people are exposed to C. difficile aspatients in a hospital, nursing home, or similar facility by ingestingspores of the bacteria. C. difficile can overrun the gastrointestinaltract under opportunistic conditions, usually due to treatment with abroad-spectrum antibiotic which destroys the normal gut flora. Thebacteria release toxins that can cause bloating, diarrhea, and severeabdominal pain. C. difficile infections are the most common cause ofpseudomembranous colitis, which in rare cases progress tolife-threatening toxic megacolon. The rate of C. difficile is acquiredby a significant number of patients with long hospital stays:acquisition is estimated to be 13% in patients with hospital stays of upto two weeks, and 50% in those with hospital stays longer than fourweeks. Clabots, C R; Johnson, S; Olson, M M; Peterson, L R; Gerding, D N(September 1992). “Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalizedpatients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source ofinfection”. Journal of Infectious Diseases 166 (3): 561-7.

Helicobacter have been found living in the lining of the uppergastrointestinal tract, as well as the liver of mammals and some birds.H. pylori infects up to 50% of the human population and may bepathogenic to humans. H. pylori is strongly associated with pepticulcers, chronic gastritis, duodenitis, and stomach cancer. OtherHelicobacter species have also been associated with these conditions,including H. suis, H. felis, H. bizzozeronii and H. salomonis.

In one aspect, a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition of the invention is administered to a patient known to haveor suspected of having an infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Inanother aspect, the composition is administered to a patient at risk ofbeing infected, for example a patient with a long hospital stay and/or apatient who is prescribed a broad spectrum antibiotic.

Typically, nepenthesin such as nepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II or aderivative thereof is administered in an amount that is safe andsufficient to produce the desired effect of gluten detoxification ortreating bacterial infection. The dosage of the compounds of nepenthesinor derivatives thereof can vary depending on many factors such as theparticular nepenthesin or derivative thereof administered, the patient'ssensitivity to gluten, the amount and types of gluten containing foodingested, the pharmacodynamic properties, the mode of administration,the age, health and weight of the recipient, the nature and extent ofthe symptoms, the frequency of the treatment and the type of concurrenttreatment, if any, and the clearance rate of the compound. One of skillin the art can determine the appropriate dosage based on the abovefactors. The compounds may be administered initially in a suitabledosage that may be adjusted as required, depending on the clinicalresponse. The amount of nepenthesin such as nepenthesin I and/ornepenthesin II or a derivative thereof which will be effective in thetreatment of a disease correlated with or caused by infection withpathogenic bacteria, for example, can be determined by standard clinicaltechniques based on the present description. In addition, in vitroassays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosageranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will alsodepend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of thedisease or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment ofthe practitioner and each subject's circumstances.

The dosage or dosing regime of an adult patient may be proportionallyadjusted for children and infants, and also adjusted for otheradministration or other formats, in proportion for example to molecularweight or immune response. Administration or treatments may be repeatedat appropriate intervals, at the discretion of the physician.

Generally, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administered whenneeded, such as when the patient will be or is consuming or has consumeda food comprising gluten or suspected of comprising gluten, or having orsuspected of having a bacterial infection. Alternatively, apharmaceutical composition comprising nepenthesin or a derivativethereof may be administered to a patient in need thereof. In any case,it can be administered in dosages of about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg/kgbody weight per day, or about 1 mg to about 100 g per dose for anaverage person. In some embodiments, nepenthesin or a derivative thereofcan be administered at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, or 1000mg/kg body weight per day, and ranges between any two of these values(including endpoints). In some embodiments, nepenthesin or a derivativethereof can be administered at 1 mg, 10 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 500 mg, 700mg, 1 g, 10 g, 20 g, 50 g, 70 g, 100 g per dose, and ranges between anytwo of these values (including endpoints). In some embodiments, it maybe administered once, twice, three times, etc. a day, depending on thenumber of times the patient ingests a gluten containing food, ordepending on the type, severity, or risk of bacterial or parasiticinfection.

The compounds of this invention can be administered as the sole activeagent or they can be administered in combination with other agents(simultaneously, sequentially or separately, or through co-formulation),including other compounds that demonstrate the same or a similartherapeutic activity and that are determined to safe and efficacious forsuch combined. administration.

In some embodiments, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administeredwith another enzyme, such as a gastric protease (e.g., pepsin andpepsinogen), another aspartic protease, such as those described by Chenet al., Aspartic proteases gene family in rice: Gene structure andexpression, predicted protein features and phylogenetic relation, Gene442:108-118 (2009), and enzymes such as prolyl endopeptidase (PEP),dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), and dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (DCP)or cysteine proteinase B described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,541.

In some embodiments, nepenthesin is administered to the patient withanother agent. Non-limiting examples of agents that can be administeredwith nepenthesin include inhibitors of tissue transglutaminase,anti-inflammatory agents such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g.,compactin, lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin and atorvastatin),leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., montelukast and zafirlukast),COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib and rofecoxib), p38 MAP kinaseinhibitors (e.g., BIRB-796); mast cell-stabilizing agents such as sodiumchromoglycate (chromolyn), pemirolast, proxicromil, repirinast,doxantrazole, amlexanox nedocromil and probicromil, anti-ulcer agents,anti-allergy agents such as anti-histamine agents (e.g., acrivastine,cetirizine, desloratadine, ebastine, fexofenadine, levocetirizine,loratadine and mizolastine), inhibitors of transglutaminase 2 (TG2),anti-TNFα agents, and antibiotics.

In some embodiments, nepenthesin is co-administered with an antibiotic,such as a penicillin, a cephalosporin, a carbapenem, a polymixin, arifamycin, a lipiarmycin, a quinolone, a sulfonamide, a β-lactam, afluoroquinolone, a glycopeptide, a ketolide, a lincosamide, astreptogramin, an aminoglycoside, a macrolide, a tetracycline, a cycliclipopeptide, a glycylcycline, or an oxazolidinone. Antibiotics in theseclasses are known in the art.

In some embodiments, nepenthesin is co-administered with ananti-infective agent (for example, an antifungal triazole oramphotericin). These may include carbapenems, for example meropenem orimipenem, to broaden the therapeutic effectiveness.

Also provided herein is the use of nepenthesin or a derivative thereofin the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention ofone of the aforementioned conditions and diseases

Compositions

Nepenthesin such as nepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II or a derivativethereof can be administered in a variety of compositions alone or withappropriate, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents or dietaryingredients.

Accordingly, in another aspect, provided herein is a compositioncomprising nepenthesin or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, thecomposition is an edible composition. In some embodiments, thecomposition is a dietary supplement. In some embodiments, thecomposition is a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, thecomposition is a food or food additive. The compositions may beformulated into solid, semi-solid, or liquid forms, such as tablets,capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, injections, gels, andmicrospheres. Administration of nepenthesin or a derivative thereof canbe achieved in various ways, for example, by oral administration.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise atherapeutically effective amount of an agent and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. In a particular embodiment, the term“pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency ofthe federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia orother generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and moreparticularly in humans. The term “carrier” refers to a diluent,adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic isadministered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, suchas water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable orsynthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesameoil and the like. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerolsolutions can also be employed as liquid carriers.

Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose,sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate,glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol,propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, ifdesired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifyingagents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form ofsolutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders,sustained-release formulations and the like. Examples of suitablepharmaceutical carriers are described in “Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences” by E. W. Martin, incorporated in its entirety by referenceherein. Such compositions will contain a therapeutically effectiveamount of nepenthesin or derivative thereof, preferably in purifiedform, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide theform for proper administration to the subject. The formulation shouldsuit the mode of administration.

For oral administration, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof can be usedalone or in combination with appropriate additives to make tablets,powders, granules, capsules, syrups, liquids, suspensions, etc. Forexample, solid oral forms of nepenthesin or a derivative thereof can beprepared with conventional additives, disintegrators, lubricants,diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives andflavoring agents. Non-limiting examples of excipients include lactose,mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, crystalline cellulose, cellulosederivatives, acacia, corn starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, talc,magnesium stearate, flavors and colors. In some embodiments, theformulation releases nepenthesin or a derivative thereof in the stomachof the patient so that gluten can be degraded by the nepenthesin orderivative thereof.

Nepenthesin or a derivative thereof can be lyophilized from an aqueoussolution optionally in the presence of appropriate buffers (e.g.phosphate, citrate, histidine, imidazole buffers) and excipients (e.g.cryoprotectants such as sucrose, lactose, trehalose). Lyophilized cakescan optionally be blended with excipients and made into different forms.

In another aspect, provided are methods for treating gluten intoleranceor an associated condition, such as celiac disease, wheat allergy,gluten sensitivity and dermatitis herpetiformis, in a patient in needthereof, comprising treating a food comprising gluten or suspected ofcomprising gluten with an effective amount of nepenthesin or aderivative thereof prior to consumption by the patient. In someembodiments, the food is combined with an effective amount ofnepenthesin or a derivative thereof during its preparation, preferablyafter any heating steps.

In some embodiments, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is administeredas a food additive together with a food comprising gluten or suspectedof comprising gluten, such as bread, pasta, cereal, and the like, madefrom wheat, rye and barley, etc. In some embodiments, nepenthesin or aderivative thereof is added as an ingredient in such food. In someembodiments, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof is dispersed into afood prior to consumption, optionally at a pH where it is inactive, suchas a pH of about or above 5. In some embodiments, nepenthesin or aderivative thereof can be made or incorporated into a powder, a spread,a spray, a sauce, a dip, a whipped cream, etc., that can be applied tothe gluten comprising food when the food is being consumed by a patient.In some embodiments, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof can be madeinto forms that appeal to one's appetite, such as candies, chewing gums,dietary supplement chews, syrup, etc. for easy administration. In someembodiments, nepenthesin or a derivative thereof can be mixed withcommon food items, such as sugar, salt, salad dressing, spices, cheese,butter, margarines, spreads, butter, frying shortenings, mayonnaises,dairy products, nut butters, seed butters, kernel butters, peanutbutter, etc. Preferably, the food items or additives comprisingnepenthesin do not require heating before being ingested by a patient sothat possible loss of activity of nepenthesin or a derivative thereofdue to elevated temperature can be minimized.

In another aspect, provided is a food product comprising nepenthesin ora derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the food product comprisesgluten or is suspected of comprising gluten, such as bakery products(e.g., cakes, muffins, donuts, pastries, rolls, and bread), pasta,crackers, tortilla chips, cereal etc. made from wheat, rye and barley.In some embodiments, the food product can be consumed with another foodproduct comprising gluten or suspected of comprising gluten.Non-limiting examples of such food include a powder, a spread, a spray,a sauce, a dip, a whipped cream, candies, chewing gums, syrup, sugar,salt, salad dressing, spices, cheese, butter, margarines, spreads,butter, frying shortenings, mayonnaises, dairy products, nut butters,seed butters, kernel butters, peanut butter, etc.

In some embodiments, the nepenthesin or derivative thereof is admixedwith food, or used to pre-treat foodstuffs containing glutens.Nepenthesin present in foods can be enzymatically active to reduce thelevel of gluten in the food prior to or during ingestion.

In some embodiments, the composition (such as pharmaceutical compositionor edible composition) or food product comprises from about 0.1% toabout 99%, from about 0.5% to about 95%, from about 1% to about 95%,from about 5% to about 95%, from about 10% to about 90%, from about 20%to about 80%, from about 25% to about 75% of nepenthesin. In someembodiments, the nepenthesin in the composition (such as pharmaceuticalcomposition or edible composition) or food product is about 0.01%, about0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 25%,about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%,or about 95% of the total composition or food product, or a rangebetween any two of the values (including end points).

In another aspect, provided is a composition for optimizing cleavage ofa gluten protein at a proline residue, comprising a mixture ofrecombinant nepenthesin I and recombinant nepenthesin II. In one aspect,provided is a composition for optimizing cleavage of a gluten protein ata glutamine residue, comprising a mixture of recombinant nepenthesin Iand recombinant nepenthesin II. In some embodiments, the composition isleast about 20%, 50%, 2 times, 5, times or 10 times more effective incleaving a gluten protein at a proline residue as compared to acomposition comprising a same amount or concentration of eithernepenthesin I or nepenthesin II alone. In some embodiments, thecomposition is least about 20%, 50%, 2 times, 5, times or 10 times moreeffective in cleaving a gluten protein at a glutamine residue ascompared to a composition comprising a same amount or concentration ofeither nepenthesin I or nepenthesin II alone.

In another aspect, provided is a composition for optimizing cleavage ofa protein at an amino acid residue(s), such as H, K, R, D, E, S, T,and/or N. In some embodiments, the composition is least about 20%, 50%,2 times, 5, times or 10 times more effective in cleaving a protein at agiven amino acid residue(s) as compared to a composition comprising asame amount or concentration of either nepenthesin I or nepenthesin IIalone. In some embodiments, the composition is least about 10 times, 100times, 500 times, 1000 times, 1400 times, or 2000 times or greater moreeffective in cleaving a protein at a given amino acid residue(s) ascompared to a composition comprising a same amount or concentration ofpepsin. In some embodiments, the residue is a residue that can becleaved by pepsin. In some embodiments, the residue is a residue that isnot efficiently cleaved by pepsin.

In another aspect, provided is a composition comprising fragmentedgluten, wherein the composition is enriched in gluten fragments producedby cleavage of the gluten at a proline residue of the gluten. In oneaspect, provided is a composition comprising fragmented gluten, whereincomposition is enriched in gluten fragments produced by cleavage of thegluten at a glutamine residue. In some embodiments, the gluten fragmentsproduced by cleavage of the gluten at a proline residue of the gluten isleast 2 times, 5 times, or 10 times of the gluten fragments produced bycleavage of the gluten at a proline residue of the gluten by acomposition comprising a same amount or concentration of eithernepenthesin I or nepenthesin II alone. In some embodiments, the glutenfragments produced by cleavage of the gluten at a glutamine residue ofthe gluten is least 2 times, 5 times, 10 times of the gluten fragmentsproduced by cleavage of the gluten at a glutamine residue of the glutenby a composition comprising a same amount or concentration of eithernepenthesin I or nepenthesin II alone.

In another aspect, provided is a composition for optimizing cleavage ofa protein at other amino acid residue(s), such as H, K, R, D, E, S, T,and/or N. In some embodiments, the protein fragments produced bycleavage of the protein at a given amino acid residue(s) of the proteinis least 2 times, 5 times, or 10 times of the protein fragments producedby cleavage of the protein at the given amino acid residue(s) of theprotein by a composition comprising a same amount or concentration ofeither nepenthesin I or nepenthesin II alone. In some embodiments, theprotein fragments produced by cleavage of the protein at a given aminoacid residue(s) of the protein is least about 10 times, 50 times, 500times, 1000 times, 1400 times, or 2000 times or greater of the proteinfragments produced by cleavage of the protein at the given amino acidresidue(s) of the protein by a composition comprising a same amount orconcentration of pepsin. In some embodiments, the residue is a residuethat can be cleaved by pepsin. In some embodiments, the residue is aresidue that is not efficiently cleaved by pepsin.

Methods of Preparation

Nepenthesin can be concentrated (or extracted) or purified by knownmethods, such as filtration or affinity purification based onimmobilized pepstatin, from a natural source, such as pitcher secretionsof plants such as Nepenthes. Nepenthesin I and II are found inrelatively small quantity in natural plant secretions. Production ofnepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II can be increased, for example, usingbioengineering technologies to create transgenic plants that expressand/or secrete increased amounts of nepenthesin I or nepenthesin II, ora derivative thereof.

Besides being isolated from a plant source, nepenthesin such asnepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II or a derivative thereof may beprepared by chemical synthesis. Chemical synthesis can be achieved bycoupling of the amino acids according to the sequence of nepenthesin.Various peptide coupling methods and commercial peptide syntheticapparatuses are available to synthesis peptide or proteins, for example,automated synthesizers by Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif.,Beckman, and other manufacturers.

In another aspect, provided is a method of preparing nepenthesin usingrecombinant production systems by transforming or transfecting a cellwith the DNA and/or messenger RNA of nepenthesin so that the cell iscapable of producing nepenthesin. For example, nepenthesin can beproduced by establishing host-vector systems in organisms such asEscherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris,Lactobacillus, Bacilli, Aspergilli, and plant cell cultures, such astobacco cells, etc.

Vectors and host cells, such as E. coli, comprising polynucleotides andcompositions containing any of the polynucleotides or polypeptides arealso provided.

In another aspect, provided is a method for producing recombinantnepenthesin such as nepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II or a derivativethereof comprising expressing in a chosen host organism a nucleic acidsequence which encodes said nepenthesin or homologue thereof, andinserting the nucleic acid sequence into an appropriately designedvector. In one aspect, the recombinant nepenthesin is nepenthesin I or aderivative thereof. In one aspect, the recombinant nepenthesin isnepenthesin II or a derivative thereof. In one aspect, the recombinantnepenthesin is a mixture of nepenthesin I and nepenthesin II orderivatives thereof.

In another aspect, provided is a composition comprising recombinantnepenthesin such as nepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II or a derivativethereof. In one aspect, the recombinant nepenthesin is nepenthesin I ora derivative thereof. In one aspect, the recombinant nepenthesin isnepenthesin II or a derivative thereof. In one aspect, the recombinantnepenthesin is a mixture of nepenthesin I and nepenthesin II orderivatives thereof.

Nepenthesin has two known isoforms: nepenthesin I (known to have twovariants nepenthesin Ia and nepenthesin Ib) and II. The sequences ofnepenthesin and the nucleotide sequencing of the cDNA encodingnepenthesin are known in the art, for example, described in Athauda S Bet al., Enzymic and structural characterization of nepenthesin, a uniquemember of a novel subfamily of aspartic proteinases, Biochem. J.381:295-306 (2004). Nepenthesin I mRNA sequences have been describedfrom several species, for example, Nepenthes mirabilis (GenBankAccession No. JX494401), Nepenthes gracilis (GenBank Accession No.AB114914), and Nepenthes alata (GenBank Accession No. AB266803).Nepenthesin II mRNA sequences have been described from several species,for example, Nepenthes mirabilis (GenBank Accession No. JX494402),Nepenthes gracilis (GenBank Accession No. AB114915), and Zea mays(GenBank Accession No. NM 001147869). Nepenthesin I protein sequenceshave been described from several species, for example, Nepenthesmirabilis (GenBank Accession No. AFV26024), Nepenthes gracilis (GenBankAccession No. BAD07474), Nepenthes alata (GenBank Accession No.BAF98915), and Zea mays (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP 001150925).Nepenthesin II protein sequences have been described from severalspecies, for example, Nepenthes mirabilis (GenBank Accession No.AFV26025), Nepenthes gracilis (GenBank Accession No. BAD07475), and Zeamays (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP 001149229). A putative nepenthesin Iprotein has been described for Oryza sativa (GenBank Accession No.BAD38020). A putative nepenthesin II protein has been described forOryza sativa (GenBank Accession No. BAD82000).

Sequence alignment of the known nepenthesin proteins (and putativeproteins) is shown in FIG. 9, with corresponding pairwise alignmentscores in Table 1. A phylogenetic tree representing the data is shown inFIG. 10. Athauda, et al. further compare nepenthesins with relatedtypical aspartic proteases. Athauda, et al. predicted the backbonestructure of nepenthesin Ia based on the structure of porcine pepsin A(nepenthesin Ib and II were predicted to be essentially the same asnepenthesin Ia). The putative catalytic aspartic acid residues wereconserved based on this analysis.

In some embodiments, biosynthesis of nepenthesin can be achieved bytransforming a cell with a vector comprising a cDNA that encodesnepenthesin I, for example the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1,GenBank Accession No. JX494401, GenBank Accession No. AB114914, orGenBank Accession No. AB266803. In some embodiments, biosynthesis ofnepenthesin can be achieved by transforming a cell with a vectorcomprising a sequence homologous to a cDNA which encodes nepenthesin I,which sequence encodes a protein with protease activity. The sequencemay have at least about 60% homology to a cDNA that encodes nepenthesinI. The sequence may have at least about 70% homology to a cDNA thatencodes nepenthesin I. The sequence may have at least about 80% homologyto a cDNA that encodes nepenthesin I. The sequence may have at leastabout 85% homology to a cDNA that encodes nepenthesin I. The sequencemay have at least about 90% homology to a cDNA that encodes nepenthesinI. The sequence may have at least about 95% homology to a cDNA thatencodes nepenthesin I. The sequence may have at least about 96% homologyto a cDNA that encodes nepenthesin I. The sequence may have at leastabout 97% homology to a cDNA that encodes nepenthesin I. The sequencemay have at least about 98% homology to a cDNA that encodes nepenthesinI. The sequence may have at least about 99% homology to a cDNA thatencodes nepenthesin I.

In some embodiments, biosynthesis of nepenthesin can be achieved bytransforming a cell with a vector comprising a cDNA that encodesnepenthesin II, for example the nucleotide sequence of GenBank AccessionNo. JX494402 or GenBank Accession No. AB114915. In some embodiments,biosynthesis of nepenthesin can be achieved by transforming a cell witha vector comprising a sequence homologous to a cDNA which encodesnepenthesin II, which sequence encodes a protein with protease activity.The sequence may have at least about 60% homology to a cDNA that encodesnepenthesin II. The sequence may have at least about 70% homology to acDNA that encodes nepenthesin II. The sequence may have at least about80% homology to a cDNA that encodes nepenthesin II. The sequence mayhave at least about 85% homology to a cDNA that encodes nepenthesin II.The sequence may have at least about 90% homology to a cDNA that encodesnepenthesin II. The sequence may have at least about 95% homology to acDNA that encodes nepenthesin II. The sequence may have at least about96% homology to a cDNA that encodes nepenthesin II. The sequence mayhave at least about 97% homology to a cDNA that encodes nepenthesin II.The sequence may have at least about 98% homology to a cDNA that encodesnepenthesin II. The sequence may have at least about 99% homology to acDNA that encodes nepenthesin II.

The synthetic nepenthesin such as nepenthesin I and/or nepenthesin II ora derivative thereof can be concentrated or purified according to knownmethods, such as those for isolating nepenthesin or a derivative thereoffrom the plant pitcher liquid.

In some embodiments, the protein product isolated from a natural sourceor a synthetic source comprises at least 20% by weight of nepenthesin ora derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the isolated protein productcomprises at least about 50%, about 75%, about 90%, about 95% by weightof nepenthesin or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, theisolated protein product comprises at least 99% by weight of nepenthesinor a derivative thereof.

In some embodiments, the recombinant nepenthesin comprises substantiallyonly nepenthesin I. In some embodiments, the recombinant nepenthesincomprises substantially only nepenthesin II. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 100:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 90:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 70:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 60:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 50:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 40:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 30:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 20:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 10:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 5:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 4:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 3:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 2:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:1. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:2. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:3. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:4. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:5. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:10. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:20. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:30. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:40. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:50. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:60. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:70. In some embodiments, therecombinant nepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I tonepenthesin II of at least about 1:80. In some embodiments, recombinantnepenthesin comprises a ratio of nepenthesin I to nepenthesin II of atleast about 1:90. In some embodiments, the recombinant nepenthesincomprises a ratio of nepenthesin I to nepenthesin II of at least about1:100.

In some embodiments, the protein product isolated from a natural sourceor a synthetic source comprises a protein that is at least about 70%homologous to nepenthesin I and retains protease activity. The proteinmay be at least about 80% homologous to nepenthesin I. The protein maybe at least about 85% homologous to nepenthesin I. The protein may be atleast about 90% homologous to nepenthesin I. The protein may be at leastabout 95% homologous to nepenthesin I. The protein may be at least about96% homologous to nepenthesin I. The protein may be at least about 97%homologous to nepenthesin I. The protein may be at least about 98%homologous to nepenthesin I. The protein may be at least about 99%homologous to nepenthesin I.

In some embodiments, the protein product isolated from a natural sourceor a synthetic source comprises a protein that is at least about 70%homologous to nepenthesin II and retains protease activity. The proteinmay be at least about 80% homologous to nepenthesin II. The protein maybe at least about 85% homologous to nepenthesin II. The protein may beat least about 90% homologous to nepenthesin II. The protein may be atleast about 95% homologous to nepenthesin II. The protein may be atleast about 96% homologous to nepenthesin II. The protein may be atleast about 97% homologous to nepenthesin II. The protein may be atleast about 98% homologous to nepenthesin II. The protein may be atleast about 99% homologous to nepenthesin II.

In some embodiments, the protein product isolated from a natural sourceor a synthetic source comprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof withat least about 10% of the original protease activity of nepenthesin I.In some embodiments, the protein product comprises nepenthesin or aderivative thereof with at least about 20% of the original proteaseactivity of nepenthesin I. In some embodiments, the protein productcomprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof with at least about 30% ofthe original protease activity of nepenthesin I. In some embodiments,the protein product comprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof withat least about 40% of the original protease activity of nepenthesin I.In some embodiments, the protein product comprises nepenthesin or aderivative thereof with at least about 50% of the original proteaseactivity of nepenthesin I. In some embodiments, the protein productcomprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof with at least about 60% ofthe original protease activity of nepenthesin I. In some embodiments,the protein product comprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof withat least about 70% of the original protease activity of nepenthesin I.In some embodiments, the protein product comprises nepenthesin or aderivative thereof with at least about 80% of the original proteaseactivity of nepenthesin I. In some embodiments, the protein productcomprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof with at least about 90% ofthe original protease activity of nepenthesin I. In some embodiments,the protein product comprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof withgreater than about 100% of the original protease activity of nepenthesinI.

In some embodiments, the protein product isolated from a natural sourceor a synthetic source comprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof withat least about 10% of the original protease activity of nepenthesin II.In some embodiments, the protein product comprises nepenthesin or aderivative thereof with at least about 20% of the original proteaseactivity of nepenthesin II. In some embodiments, the protein productcomprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof with at least about 30% ofthe original protease activity of nepenthesin II. In some embodiments,the protein product comprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof withat least about 40% of the original protease activity of nepenthesin II.In some embodiments, the protein product comprises nepenthesin or aderivative thereof with at least about 50% of the original proteaseactivity of nepenthesin II. In some embodiments, the protein productcomprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof with at least about 60% ofthe original protease activity of nepenthesin II. In some embodiments,the protein product comprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof withat least about 70% of the original protease activity of nepenthesin II.In some embodiments, the protein product comprises nepenthesin or aderivative thereof with at least about 80% of the original proteaseactivity of nepenthesin II. In some embodiments, the protein productcomprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof with at least about 90% ofthe original protease activity of nepenthesin II. In some embodiments,the protein product comprises nepenthesin or a derivative thereof withgreater than about 100% of the original protease activity of nepenthesinII.

III. Examples

Unless stated otherwise, the abbreviations used throughout thespecification have the following meanings:

-   -   g=gram    -   kDa=kiloDalton    -   kg=kilogram    -   L=liter    -   LC=liquid chromatography    -   mg=milligram    -   min=minute    -   mL=milliliter    -   mM=millimolar    -   MS=mass spectrometry    -   nM=nanomolar    -   pM=picomolar    -   s.d.=standard deviation    -   μCi=microcurie    -   μg microgram    -   μL=microliter    -   μM=micromolar    -   μm=micrometer    -   ° C.=degree Celsius

These one-letter symbols have the following meaning when representingamino acids:

-   -   A=Alanine    -   R=Arginine    -   N=Asparagine    -   D=Aspartic acid    -   C=Cysteine    -   E=Glutamic acid    -   Q=Glutamine    -   G=Glycine    -   H=Histidine    -   I=Isoleucine    -   L=Leucine    -   K=Lysine    -   M=Methionine    -   F=Phenylalanine    -   P=Proline    -   S=Serine    -   T=Threonine    -   W=Tryptophan    -   Y=Tyrosine    -   V=Valine

Example 1 Nepenthesin Extract Preparation Chemicals

Water and acetonitrile, HPLC grade form Burdick and Jackson, werepurchased from VWR. Formic acid, Tris, glycine were purchased from SigmaAldrich.

Plant Culture

Transplants of Nepenthes rafflesiana, Nepenthes ampularia, Nepenthesmirabilis, and Nepenthes globosa were purchased from Keehns Carnivores(accessible via hypertext transfer protocol on the world wide web atkeehnscarnivores.ca). These were potted with wood bark, perlite, peatmoss and humus (40, 35, 10, 5% respectively). Growth conditions involved14 hours of light per day, 80% humidity and temperature in the 23-28° C.range with 2 to 3 waterings a week. Upon pitcher maturity, plants werefed with one or two Drosophila per pitcher and the pitcher fluidharvested one week later. Pitchers and their secretions were left torecover for one week prior to a second round of feeding and extraction.

Extract Preparation

Pitcher fluid was collected from all four species of plants andcombined. The crude pitcher fluid was first clarified through a 0.22 μmfilter, then concentrated 80 to 100 fold using an Amicon Ultracentrifugal 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off filter (both fromMillipore). Prior to use in digestions, the concentrate wasacid-activated with 100 mM Glycine HCl (pH 2.5) for 3 hours, then washed3× with 100 mM Glycine-HCl (pH 2.5) in the filtration device, using 10×fluid volume for each wash). The final isolate was then rediluted to an11× concentration based on the original sampling of pitcher fluid.

Characterization of Pitcher Fluid Extract

The fluidic secretions of the pitcher plant were concentrated and thedigestion enzymes activated by pH reduction (pH 2.5). The impact of theenrichment process and the activation on the fluid proteome wasdetermined using proteomics methods. First, to confirm the presence ofnepenthesin enzyme, the inactive concentrate was separated by SDS-PAGE.Seven contiguous gel zones with very faint coomassie staining weredigested with trypsin and analyzed by nanoLC-MS/MS using standardmethods. This is not expected to be a complete catalog of the activatedfluid proteome, but the analysis confirmed the presence of the asparticprotease nepenthesin I/II, as well as a glucanase, chitinase,carboxypeptidase and peroxidase of plant origin, plus modest levels ofdrosophila and bacterial contamination. The low complexity of the fluidproteome is consistent with recent analyses, Hatano N, Hamada T (2012)Proteomic analysis of secreted protein induced by a component of prey inpitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata. Journal ofProteomics 3; 75(15):4844-52 (Epub Jun. 15, 2012), but nepenthesin-I wasfound distributed over a much wider mass range in this analysis (40-70kDa). The acid-activated fluid was then processed and analyzed in asimilar fashion. The activation process reduced the overall proteinyield, and also appeared to simplify the composition. Aside fromnepenthesin-I, only minor contamination from keratin and actin were inevidence. These analyses point to the low complexity of the enrichedfluid, where nepenthesin is the major component. The total proteinconcentration of the activated and 80× enriched fluid was measured by aBCA assay to be 22 ng/μL. This value is consistent with an earlier studydescribing enrichment of the fluid. Tokes Z A, et al., Digestive EnzymesSecreted by Carnivorous Plant Nepenthes-Macferlanei-L. Planta119(1):39-46 (1974).

Example 2 Digest Mapping of Proteins by Pepsin and Nepenthesin ExtractNepenthesin Digest Mapping by Mass Spectrometry

Nepenthesin extract was prepared as in Example 1.

Digestions of proteins were carried out in solution using a LEAP HTX-PALautosampler and dispensing system designed for hydrogen/deuteriumexchange (HDX) applications, and data were collected with an AB SciexTriple-TOF 5600 QqTOF mass spectrometer. Peptides were identified usingMascot (v2.3) from MS/MS data. Briefly, 8 μL, of 8 μM protein (XRCC4,XLF, Ligase IV-tandem BRCT domains, PNK, myoglobin, or cytochrome C)were mixed with 10 μL of 11× concentrated fluid for 2 min. at 10° C.Myoglobin and cytochrome C were purchased from Sigma. After dilution to1 μM substrate concentration, 15 μL were injected into the chilledreversed-phase LC system (4° C.) connected to the mass spectrometer. Thepeptides were trapped on a 5 cm, 200 μm i.d. Onyx C18 monolithic column(Phenomenex Inc.) and eluted with an acetonitrile gradient from 3% to40% in 10 minutes. Peptides detected in these analyses were selected forCID fragmentation in multiple information-dependent acquisitions ofMS/MS spectra, akin to the gas-phase fractionation strategy. Blonder J,et al., Proteomic investigation of natural killer cell microsomes usinggas-phase fractionation by mass spectrometry. Biochimica Et BiophysicaActa—Proteins and Proteomics 1698(1):87-95 (2004). Spectra were searchedagainst a miniature database containing the sequences for all sixproteins. Sequencing results were manually verified.

Results

A series of proteins were digested with the enriched fluid underconditions suitable for HDX-MS experiments. The digestion specificity ofthe concentrate was characterized at the P1 and P1′ positions (FIG. 1),to support a comparison with similar studies applied to pepsin. HamuroY, et al., Specificity of immobilized porcine pepsin in H/D exchangecompatible conditions. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry22(7):1041-1046 (2008). In this example, the enzyme-to-substrate ratiowas 1:85 based on the assumption that all the measured protein in theenriched fluid is nepenthesin, even though some contaminating proteinswere obviously present.

The nepenthesin data represents an assessment of 1612 residues andalthough not as extensive as the corresponding pepsin data (13,766residues), the sequence diversity is sufficiently high in the proteinset to warrant a comparison at the level of P1 and P1′ positions. Thegreatest specificity for pepsin appears to be in the P1 position. Itpresents high-efficiency cleavage for the hydrophobic residues F, L andM but cleavage after P, H, K and R is essentially forbidden. Nepenthesincleaves after most residues with the exception of G, S, T, V, I and W.It supports a high rate of cleavage after the expected pepsin P1residues but also at the residues forbidden in pepsin digestion, notablyK, R and P. In the P1′ position, pepsin shows a preference forhydrophobic residues in general, including any residue with aromaticity.Conversely, nepenthesin demonstrates little in the way of selectivity atthe P1′ position, except perhaps against G, P and H. Overall,nepenthesin demonstrates significantly relaxed specificity at the P1position relative to pepsin, and provides an indication of very highefficiency.

Example 3 Digest Mapping of Multi-Domain Protein, XRCC4, by Pepsin andNepenthesin Extract HD Exchange of a Complex Involved in DNA-DamageRepair

Nepenthesin extract was prepared as in Example 1.

Stock solutions of XRCC4 (1-200) with BRCT, and XRCC4 (full length) withBRCT were diluted in buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5) to equimolarconcentrations (10 μM) and incubated at 4° C. for a minimum of 30 min topromote complexation. The samples were held at 4° C. until HDX analysis.Aliquots were deuterated for 2 min at 20° C. with the addition of D₂O(25% v/v). Aliquots were then digested in two ways. In the firstdigestion strategy, protein deuteration was quenched by adding thesample to chilled 100 mM glycine-HCl (pH 2.5), and the quenched proteinsolution was injected into a pepsin microreactor. This microreactor wasinstalled in the HTX-PAL system between the injector valve and the C18column. Protein digest was captured on the monolithic C18 capillarycolumn and eluted into the mass spectrometer. All fluidic elements,including the microreactor, were chilled at 4° C. to minimize deuteriumback-exchange during the analysis time (<15 min). In the seconddigestion strategy, an equivalent amount of deuterated protein wassimultaneously quenched and digested with 3 or 5 μL of 11× nepenthesfluid for 3 or 5 min, respectively, at 10° C. The sample was injectedinto the chilled LC-system connected to the mass spectrometer.

Replicate mass shift measurements were made (4 or more) and referencedto control protein states—free XRCC4 (1-200), free XRCC4 (full length)and free LigIV-BRCT. The average deuterium level for each peptide wasdetermined using Mass Spec Studio (manuscript in preparation), which isa rebuild of Hydra v1.5. Slysz G W, et al., Hydra: software for tailoredprocessing of H/D exchange data from MS or tandem MS analyses. BmcBioinformatics 10 (2009). Perturbations in mass shifts were consideredsignificant if (a) they passed a two-tailed t test (p<0.05) using pooledstandard deviations from the analyses of each state, (b) they passed adistribution analysis to guard against spectral overlap and (c) theyexceeded a threshold shift value (±2 s.d.) based on a measurement of theshift noise and assuming its normal distribution Bennett M J, et al.,Discovery and Characterization of the Laulimalide-Microtubule BindingMode by Mass Shift Perturbation Mapping. Chemistry & Biology17(7):725-734 (2010).

Results

To determine if relaxed specificity translates into an improvement insequence mapping for HDX-MS applications, full-length XRCC4, a proteinthat contains a globular domain, and extended helical stalk, and a longdisordered C-terminal was profiled. Hammel M, et al., XLF RegulatesFilament Architecture of the XRCC4. Ligase IV Complex. Structure18(11):1431-1442 (2010); and Junop M S, et al., Crystal structure of theXrcc4 DNA repair protein and implications for end joining. Embo J19(22):5962-5970 (2000). Such multi-domain proteins are challenging toencompass in a single digestion protocol, and in particular,intrinsically-disordered regions tend to digest poorly with pepsin asthey are relatively depleted in hydrophobic residues and enriched inproline and charged residues. Dunker A K, et al. Intrinsicallydisordered protein. Journal of Molecular Graphics & Modelling19(1):26-59 (2001). The pepsin and nepenthesin maps for this protein aredisplayed in FIG. 2. In this comparison, an exhaustive mapping waspursued for both enzymes, using a range of different protease amounts,and recursive MS/MS experiments. Nepenthesin provides superior coverageof the full length protein: 357 peptides for nepenthesin (hatched bars)compared to 187 for pepsin (white bars). (The average peptide length of11 residues was the same for both enzymes.) Both enzymes represent theglobular and stalk regions with a large number of overlapping peptidesbut the complementarity provided by nepenthesin is evident. For example,nepenthesin offers considerably deeper coverage of a β-sheet region inthe globular domain (residues 1-30, FIG. 2A). The disordered C-terminalregion is covered to a much greater extent as well, and to aconsiderably higher level of redundancy (FIG. 2C-D). Each residue inthis disordered tail region receives 16× coverage using nepenthesin andonly 4.7× coverage with pepsin.

The existence of any bias in peptide detection is explored by selectingaverage search score as the metric (FIG. 3). The approach emphasizesconfidence in sequence identification as the principle means by whichsequence maps are defined. One outliner is R. The higher scores forpeptides terminating in R likely reflect a combination of higher averagepeptide intensity and better fragmentation, which is consistent withwhat we know from trypsin-based bottom-up proteomics. Warwood S, et al.Guanidination chemistry for qualitative and quantitative proteomics.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 20(21):3245-3256 (2006).

Example 4 Digestion of XRCC4 with Varying Enzyme-to-Substrate Ratios

The enzyme efficiency was examined in greater detail. The degree towhich the peptide mass map could be varied, or tuned, simply by alteringthe enzyme-to-substrate ratio is shown in FIG. 4. Nepenthesin load wasvaried over a 50-fold range for in-solution digestions. For the pepsinexperiment, immobilized pepsin in a slurry format was used rather thanfree pepsin to avoid extensive pepsin autolysis. The enzyme load wasvaried over an 8-fold range; lower amounts led to poor peptideintensities and higher amounts had no effect on the map. It was foundthat nepenthesin generated a very low autolysis profile even at thehigher loads. An aggregate peptide ion chromatogram (PIC) was used as ameasure of effective digestion. The comparison of the relatively similardistributions found at 0.38:1 (nepenthesin:substrate) with 520:1(pepsin:substrate) represents a remarkable 1400-fold improvement inefficiency for nepenthesin over pepsin in HDX-like applications.

The nepenthesin digest could be more readily tuned from large fragmentsto small by varying the enzyme load, and generating a variablerepresentation of XRCC4. This is demonstrated in FIG. 4A by thetransition in the PIC from long retention times at low load to shortretention times at high load. This transition correlated with theaverage peptide length for the most abundant peptides shifting from >12at low enzyme load to 10 at high enzyme load. Conversely, varying pepsinload did not significantly alter the PIC or average peptide length (FIG.4B). A forced-flow pepsin microreactor may improve tuning but wouldlikely not generate smaller fragments.

Example 5 Digestion of Gliadin by Nepenthesin Extract

Digestions of gliadin by nepenthesin were performed in solution using aLEAP HTX-PAL autosampler and dispensing system designed forhydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) applications. Data were collectedusing an AB Sciex Triple-TOF 5600 QqTOF mass spectrometer. Peptides wereidentified using Mascot (v2.3) from MS/MS data. Briefly, 12 pmol ofcrude gliadin (purchased from Sigma Aldrich) were mixed with 2 μL of100× concentrated extract, produced as described in Example 1. Afterdigestion the entire volume was injected into a reversed-phase LC systemconnected to the mass spectrometer. The peptides were trapped on a 7 cm,150 μm i.d. Magic C18 column and eluted with an acetonitrile gradientfrom 10% to 40% in 10 or 30 minutes. Peptides detected in these analyseswere selected for CID fragmentation in multiple information-dependentacquisitions of MS/MS spectra. Spectra were searched against a miniaturedatabase containing the sequences for all identified wheat gliadin (α,β, γ, ω) proteins plus the low and high molecular weight glutenin. FIG.5 shows the average length of all peptides identified from thenepenthesin digestion of gliadin from wheat, using LC-MS/MS, after 1, 5,10, 15, 30, 60, 130, 360 or 810 minutes at 37° C. A 95% confidencecut-off (p<0.05) on the scores were used to remove false positiveidentification. Relative standard deviation of the peptide length isshown in the inset figure.

FIG. 6 displays the number of peptides identified by LC-MS/MS after 1,5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 130, 360 or 810 minutes digestion at 37° C., groupedby length. Data as in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 displays the same data as in FIG. 5, as a probability ofobtaining a certain length after 10, 60, 120, 360 or 810 minutesdigestion at 37° C.

Example 6 Nepenthesin Extract Purification Purification of Extract

Sepharose-immobilized pepstatin in a 50×2 cm ID column was equilibratedin 20 mM Glycine-HCl, pH 2.5-3. The filtered pitcher fluid (prepared asdescribed in Example 1) was cycled twice through the column, and thecolumn washed with 100 mL equilibration buffer (20 mM glycine HCl, pH2.5). The column was eluted with 100 mM ammonium bicarbonate pH 8.7 andfractions collected. In order to preserve maximum the enzyme activity,the pH was decreased to 4 right after fraction collection with 2 Mglycine HCl, pH 2.5. Activity was verified using a digestion assay, andthe most active fractions combined and concentrated to approximately80×, based on original fluid volume.

Example 7 Recombinant Nepenthesin I

The gene for nepenthesin I (see SEQ ID NO: 1; encoding amino acidresidues 20-413, from N. gracilis, without the plant signal sequence)was prepared from nepenthesin I cDNA, and placed between Ndel andHindIII restriction sites. This sequence was cloned into pET21a, usingT4 DNA ligase (1 U) (New England Bio, NEB), T4 DNA ligase buffer (NEB),ATP (0.5 mM) (NEB), 0.5 μg pET21a vector and 2 μg of the nepenthesin IcDNA. This was incubated at 18° C. for 4 hours. The ligation mixture (5μL) was added to 200 μL of NovaBlue competent cells and incubated on icefor 15 minutes. Cells were transformed by heat shock (45 seconds at 42°C., then immediately on ice, with 1 ml of LB medium) and incubated for 1hour at 37° C., and plated with antibiotics (tetracycline andampicillin). After confirming gene presence in several white colonies, arepresentative colony was chosen for maxiprep. The resulting recombinantplasmid pET21a/R.NepI was transformed into E. coli C41 by heat-shock asabove, for expression under induction by IPTG. Here, cells were grown upto an OD₆₆₀ of 0.6 and induced with 0.1 mM IPTG for four hours at 37° C.The expressed protein went to inclusion bodies.

Inclusion bodies were isolated as follows. Cells were centrifuged,sucrose lysis buffer was added (25% saccharose, 50 mM TrisCl pH 7.4, 1mM EDTA, 1 mM NaN₃, and protease inhibitors), and the cells weresubjected to four rounds of freeze/thaw and sonication. This wasfollowed by the addition of DNAse and RNAse for a 30 min. incubation atroom temperature. The preparation was centrifuged (˜15 min. at 5000×g)to pellet the inclusion bodies and membrane fragments. This pellet wasresuspended in Triton buffer (50 mM TrisCl pH 7.4, 10 mM NaCl, 1 mMβ-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM NaN₃, 0.5% Triton X100+protease inhibitors) andsonication performed on ice. This was once again centrifuged, to pelletthe inclusion bodies, and the pellet was washed twice on ice (withmixing and sonication) in a buffer free of Triton (50 mM TrisCl pH 7.4,10 mM NaCl, 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM NaN₃, protease inhibitors).

The protein pellet was then subjected to refolding. One g of inclusionbodies was suspended into 1 L of 50 mM CAPS pH 10.5, 8 M urea, 1 mMEDTA, 1 mM glycine, 500 mM NaCl, 300 mM β-mercaptoethanol and shaken for1 hr. The suspension was dialysed against 50 mM Tris, pH 11, twice for 1hour at a time, followed by one day of dialysis against 50 mM Tris, pH7.5, and finally, dialysis against phosphate buffer with 300 mM NaCl, pH7.0.

The solution was centrifuged at high speed (10000×g for 15 min.) toremove any un-refolded protein, and the supernatant filtered through a0.22 μm membrane. Nepenthesin I was activated at pH 2.5 (glycine-HCl)overnight at 4° C. Yields range from 10 to 100 mg of folded, activatedprotein, starting from 1 L of cell culture.

Example 8 Recombinant Nepenthesin II

The cDNA of nepenthesin II (from N. gracilis, without the plant signalsequence) was used to prepare nepenthesin II cDNA. This sequence wascloned into pET21a between Ndel and HindIII restriction sites, using T4DNA ligase (1 U) (New England Bio, NEB), T4 DNA ligase buffer (NEB), ATP(0.5 mM) (NEB), 0.5 μg pET21a vector and 2 μg of the nepenthesin IIcDNA. This was incubated at 18° C. for 4 hours. The ligation mixture (5μL) was added to 200 μL of NovaBlue competent cells and incubated on icefor 15 minutes. Cells were transformed by heat shock (45 seconds at 42°C., then immediately on ice, with 1 ml of LB medium) and incubated for 1hour at 37° C., and plated with antibiotics (tetracycline andampicillin). After confirming gene presence in several white colonies, arepresentative colony was chosen for maxiprep. The resulting recombinantplasmid pET21a/R.NepI was transformed into E. coli C41 by heat-shock asabove, for expression under induction by IPTG. Here, cells were grown upto an OD₆₆₀ of 0.6 and induced with 0.1 mM IPTG for four hours at 37° C.The expressed protein went to inclusion bodies.

Inclusion bodies were isolated as follows. Cells were centrifuged,sucrose lysis buffer was added (25% saccharose, 50 mM TrisCl pH 7.4, 1mM EDTA, 1 mM NaN₃, and protease inhibitors), and the cells weresubjected to four rounds of freeze/thaw and sonication. This wasfollowed by the addition of DNAse and RNAse for a 30 min. incubation atroom temperature. The preparation was centrifuged (˜15 min. at 5000×g)to pellet the inclusion bodies and membrane fragments. This pellet wasresuspended in Triton buffer (50 mM TrisCl pH 7.4, 10 mM NaCl, 1 mMβ-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM NaN₃, 0.5% Triton X100+protease inhibitors) andsonication performed on ice. This was once again centrifuged, to pelletthe inclusion bodies, and the pellet was washed twice on ice (withmixing and sonication) in a buffer free of Triton (50 mM TrisCl pH 7.4,10 mM NaCl, 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM NaN₃, protease inhibitors).

The protein pellet was then subjected to refolding. One g of inclusionbodies was suspended into 1 L of 50 mM CAPS pH 10.5, 8 M urea, 1 mMEDTA, 1 mM glycine, 500 mM NaCl, 300 mM β-mercaptoethanol and shaken for1 hr. The suspension was dialysed against 50 mM Tris pH 11 twice for 1hour at a time, followed by one day of dialysis against 50 mM Tris pH7.5, and finally, dialysis against phosphate buffer with 300 mM NaCl, pH7.0.

The solution was centrifuged at high speed (10000×g for 15 min.) toremove any un-refolded protein, and the supernatant filtered through a0.22 μm membrane. Nepenthesin II was activated at pH 2.5 (glycine-HCl)overnight at 4° C. Yields range from 10 to 100 mg of folded, activatedprotein, starting from 1 L of cell culture.

Example 9 Digest Mapping of Gliadin by Nepenthesin

Nepenthesin extract was prepared as described in Example 1. Purifiednepenthesin extract was prepared as described in Example 6. Recombinantnepenthesin I was prepared as described in Example 7.

Gliadin digestion was performed as described in Example 5, except thatthe substrate to enzyme ratio was approximately 1000:1. Gliadin wasdigested at 37° C. for 2 hr with nepenthesin extract, purifiednepenthesin extract, or recombinant nepenthesin I.

Gliadin is a class of proteins found in wheat and other cereal grains.Gliadins are highly enriched in proline and glutamine residues. We havedetermined that recombinant nepenthesin I digests gliadin protein veryeffectively at pH 2-3. The P1 cleavage preference of recombinantnepenthesin I is very similar to that of the concentrated fluid extract,as well as the purified fraction of the extract (FIG. 8A). Surprisingly,the extract showed a higher preference for glutamine than either thepurified extract or recombinant nepenthesin I.

The P1 cleavage preference of recombinant nepenthesin I is very similarto that of the concentrated fluid extract, as well as the purifiedfraction of the extract (FIG. 8B). Surprisingly, the extract showed ahigher preference for proline than either the purified extract orrecombinant nepenthesin I.

The extract contains both nepenthesin I and II, but the purificationstrategy recovers far less active nepenthesin II than nepenthesin I.Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that theheightened cleavage at the P1 glutamine position and the P1′ prolineposition by the extract are due to nepenthesin II and/or to synergybetween nepenthesin I and nepenthesin II.

Example 10 Comparison of Nepenthesin Proteins

The protein sequences of known and putative nepenthesin proteins werealigned using Clustal 2.1 Multiple Sequence Alignment. The sequences ofnepenthesin I were: Nepenthes mirabilis (GenBank Accession No.AFV26024), Nepenthes gracilis (GenBank Accession No. BAD07474),Nepenthes alata (GenBank Accession No. BAF98915), Zea mays (NCBIReference Sequence: NP 001150925), and Oryza sativa (GenBank AccessionNo. BAD38020). The sequences of nepenthesin II were: Nepenthes mirabilis(GenBank Accession No. AFV26025), Nepenthes gracilis (GenBank AccessionNo. BAD07475), Zea mays (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP 001149229). andOryza sativa (GenBank Accession No. BAD82000). The resulting alignmentis shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 10 shows a phylogenetic tree indicating therelatedness of nepenthesin proteins between different species. Table 1shows the pairwise alignment scores between each sequence.

TABLE 1 Sequence 1 Sequence 2 Score N. mirabilis nepenthesin I N.mirabilis nepenthesin II 65 N. mirabilis nepenthesin I N. gracilisnepenthesin I 94 N. mirabilis nepenthesin I N. gracilis nepenthesin II66 N. mirabilis nepenthesin I N. alata nepenthesin I 99 N. mirabilisnepenthesin I O. sativa nepenthesin I 39 N. mirabilis nepenthesin I O.sativa nepenthesin II 24 N. mirabilis nepenthesin I Z. mays nepenthesinI 39 N. mirabilis nepenthesin I Z. mays nepenthesin II 26 N. mirabilisnepenthesin II N. gracilis nepenthesin I 64 N. mirabilis nepenthesin IIN. gracilis nepenthesin II 96 N. mirabilis nepenthesin II N. alatanepenthesin I 65 N. mirabilis nepenthesin II O. sativa nepenthesin I 37N. mirabilis nepenthesin II O. sativa nepenthesin II 24 N. mirabilisnepenthesin II Z. mays nepenthesin I 36 N. mirabilis nepenthesin II Z.mays nepenthesin II 23 N. gracilis nepenthesin I N. gracilis nepenthesinII 66 N. gracilis nepenthesin I N. alata nepenthesin I 94 N. gracilisnepenthesin I O. sativa nepenthesin I 40 N. gracilis nepenthesin I O.sativa nepenthesin II 25 N. gracilis nepenthesin I Z. mays nepenthesin I38 N. gracilis nepenthesin I Z. mays nepenthesin II 26 N. gracilisnepenthesin II N. alata nepenthesin I 66 N. gracilis nepenthesin II O.sativa nepenthesin I 38 N. gracilis nepenthesin II O. sativa nepenthesinII 27 N. gracilis nepenthesin II Z. mays nepenthesin I 39 N. gracilisnepenthesin II Z. mays nepenthesin II 23 N. alata nepenthesin I O.sativa nepenthesin I 39 N. alata nepenthesin I O. sativa nepenthesin II25 N. alata nepenthesin I Z. mays nepenthesin I 39 N. alata nepenthesinI Z. mays nepenthesin II 26 O. sativa nepenthesin I O. sativanepenthesin II 28 O. sativa nepenthesin I Z. mays nepenthesin I 35 O.sativa nepenthesin I Z. mays nepenthesin II 23 O. sativa nepenthesin IIZ. mays nepenthesin I 24 O. sativa nepenthesin II Z. mays nepenthesin II15 Z. mays nepenthesin I Z. mays nepenthesin II 26

The data as set forth in the examples above demonstrate thatnepenthesin, either as a mixture or purified or recombinant componentsthereof, efficiently digest gluten, whereas pepsin does not.Accordingly, this invention provides for a method to allow for thedigestion of gluten in a protein comprising gluten by use of a mixtureof nepenthesin or purified or recombinant components thereof.

Although the foregoing has been described in some detail by way ofillustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, oneof skill in the art will appreciate that certain changes andmodifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.In addition, each reference provided herein is incorporated by referencein its entirety to the same extent as if each reference was individuallyincorporated by reference.

1-12. (canceled)
 13. A composition for treating or attenuating glutenintolerance comprising: (a) an effective amount of nepenthesin, thenepenthesin having an amino acid sequence that is at least 85% identicalto an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO.: 3, SEQ ID NO.: 4,SEQ ID NO.: 5, SEQ ID NO.: 6, and SEQ ID NO: 7, without a plant signalsequence and having aspartic protease activity; and (b) an effectiveamount of a buffer to maintain the pH of said composition at a pH of 5or above, wherein said nepenthesin is inactive prior to administration;wherein said effective amount of nepenthesin is sufficient to degradegluten upon oral administration of said solid composition to a patientsuffering from gluten intolerance.
 14. The composition of claim 13,wherein said effective amount of nepenthesin is between about 1 mg andabout 1 g, wherein about refers to a variation of up to ±5%.
 15. Thecomposition of claim 13, further comprising at least one additionalagent selected from the group consisting of an inhibitor of atransglutaminase, an anti-inflammatory agent, a COX-2 inhibitor, a p38MAP kinase inhibitor, a mast cell-stabilizing agent, an anti-ulceragent, an anti-allergy agent, and an anti-TNF-α agent.
 16. Thecomposition of claim 13, further comprising at least one additionalenzyme selected from the group consisting of a gastric protease, anaspartic protease, and a prolyl endopeptidase.
 17. The composition ofclaim 13, wherein said composition is formulated to release saidnepenthesin in a patient's stomach.
 18. The composition of claim 14,wherein said effective amount of said nepenthesin is between about 1 mgand about 500 mg.
 19. The composition of claim 14, wherein saideffective amount of said nepenthesin is between about 1 mg and about 200mg.
 20. The composition of claim 13, wherein the gluten intolerance isceliac disease, wheat allergy, gluten sensitivity, or dermatitisherpetiformis.
 21. The composition of claim 13, wherein the nepenthesincomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85% identical to theamino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 3. 22. The composition ofclaim 13, wherein the nepenthesin comprises an amino acid sequence thatis at least 85% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO:
 4. 23. The composition of claim 13, wherein the nepenthesincomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85% identical to theamino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 5. 24. The composition ofclaim 13, wherein the nepenthesin comprises an amino acid sequence thatis at least 85% identical to the amino acid sequence of set forth in SEQID NO:
 6. 25. The composition of claim 13, wherein the nepenthesincomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85% identical to theamino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 7. 26. The composition ofclaim 13, wherein the nepenthesin has an amino acid sequence that is atleast 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO.:3, SEQ ID NO.: 4, SEQ ID NO.: 5, SEQ ID NO.: 6, and SEQ ID NO:
 7. 27.The composition of claim 13, wherein the nepenthesin has an amino acidsequence that is at least 95% identical to an amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NO.: 3, SEQ ID NO.: 4, SEQ ID NO.: 5, SEQ ID NO.:6, and SEQ ID NO:
 7. 28. A method for treating or attenuating glutenintolerance, celiac disease, wheat allergy, or dermatitis herpetiformisin a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patientan effective amount of nepenthesin, wherein said nepenthesin comprisesan amino acid sequence that is at least 85% identical to the amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ IDNO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 7, such that gluten is degraded by the nepenthesin,thereby treating or attenuating gluten intolerance, celiac disease,wheat allergy, or dermatitis herpetiformis in the patient.
 29. A methodfor treating or attenuating gluten intolerance, celiac disease, wheatallergy, or dermatitis herpetiformis in a patient in need thereof,comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of thecomposition of claim 13, such that gluten is degraded by thenepenthesin, thereby treating or attenuating gluten intolerance, celiacdisease, wheat allergy, or dermatitis herpetiformis in the patient. 30.The method of claim 29, wherein said nepenthesin is administered to thepatient prior to ingestion of a food comprising gluten or suspected ofcomprising gluten.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein said nepenthesinis administered to the patient with ingestion of a food comprisinggluten or suspected of comprising gluten.
 32. The method of claim 29,wherein said nepenthesin is administered to the patient after ingestionof a food comprising gluten or suspected of comprising gluten.